Sheep are known to graze relatively close to cattle dung patches and are consequently able to benefit from residual forage with more nutrients (Forbes and Hodgson, 1985; Murphy et al., 1995). Herbage mass (HM, t DM ha−1), postCSH (cm), and concentrations of CP (% DM), ADF (% DM), and energy (MJ ME kg−1 DM) as affected by sward type × grazing system for the experimental years 2010 and 2011. All pastures have been grazed for at least 75 years, but not all at the same intensity.
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The replications of quality-data sampled within a treatment were pooled for this analysis. Some groups advocate for removing cattle from wetland restoration easements altogether. Removing the ability to graze conservation easements may result in unintended consequences by reducing landowners’ participation in conservation easements.
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Long-term observations of management decisions on target variables are required due to variable climatic influences. The present study highlights both animal and grassland productivity on hilly and marginal regions of grassland production over a long-term period. As investigated here, less intensive systems contribute to an improved relationship between ecology and agronomy. With diverse swards and mixed-grazing, plant biodiversity was enhanced without adverse effects on productivity parameters.
Study system
- This was corroborated by the lower mean plant height observed in grazed wetlands, suggesting that grazing selected for shorter species.
- Biodiversity has traditionally been seen as a response variable rather than as a predictor of productivity (Kahmen et al., 2005).
- Numerous studies have documented higher diversity in grazed compared to ungrazed ecosystems, most often in uplands (Hillebrand et al., 2007; Olff & Ritchie, 1998).
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- We showed that past and present land use, more than cattle grazing, and prescribed fire had a strong legacy effect on wetland vegetation.
- Our findings support an observational study by Kahmen et al. (2005) who investigated semi-natural grasslands in central Germany, in which species richness and aboveground productivity were not related.
These herbicide applications resulted in a reduced level of species richness and an almost complete reduction of the proportion of biomass contributed by dicotyledons. Therefore, species richness and abundance of forbs and legumes were confounded per se and effects of species richness and occurrence of dicotyledonous plants cannot be disentangled. In addition, the heterogenous distribution between functional groups may also cause a lack of biodiversity effect (Jerrentrup et al., 2015).
Sky Sports can be added to any Sky TV package for just £22 per month for all nine sports channels, or you can pick up the complete sports package plus Netflix for £43 per month. The datasets generated for this study GonzaBet games are available on request to the corresponding author. Annual and monthly mean temperatures (°C) and precipitation sums (precip., mm) between April and October for the grazing seasons 2007 until 2011 compared to long-term averages (1961–1990).
Effusus’s capacity to form a persistent and large seed bank, it was competitively excluded by fast‐growing palatable grasses. We also observed that trees and shrubs slightly increased following cattle exclusion (e.g., B. halimifolia). This effect was likely underestimated since shrubs and trees increased primarily at the extreme edge of seasonal wetlands, where sampling points were infrequent. This result was not observed in the short‐term studies of these wetlands and could have important consequences for wetland functions, especially water‐use efficiency (Budny & Benscoter, 2016; Doody & Benyon, 2011). Another discrepancy between short‐term and long‐term responses was observed with Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small ex Porter & Britton, a weedy native species. Capilifolium increased considerably in frequency following cattle exclusion, but this increase was only temporary (in 2007–2008) as the species was observed inconsistently throughout the remaining years.
- Therefore, final live weights of cattle refer to records after GC 1 plus GC 2.
- This effect was likely underestimated since shrubs and trees increased primarily at the extreme edge of seasonal wetlands, where sampling points were infrequent.
- Despite their importance, the world has lost a large percentage of wetlands, and the wetlands that remain are often heavily degraded by human activities (Brinson & Malvárez, 2002; Dahl, 2014; Junk et al., 2013; Zedler & Kercher, 2005).
- Although pasture management intensity was the strongest driver of species composition in wetlands, cattle exclusion also significantly affected species diversity and composition.
- Additionally, an identical model of individual ADGs was performed for single years by excluding the factor year.
- In addition, certain forbs contribute positively to animal health and consequently to secondary performance; for instance, in a study by Tariq et al. (2008) yarrow (Achillea millefolium) reduced parasitic infections in sheep.
We studied seasonal wetlands on Buck Island Ranch (BIR), a 4249‐ha cattle ranch located in South Central Florida. BIR is a full‐scale commercial cow–calf operation run by Archbold Biological Station used as a platform for ecological research. The climate is subtropical humid (Köppen climate classification) with a clear dry season (from November to May), with 60% of the 132‐cm/year mean precipitation falling during the summer rainy season. Having played and watched football all my life I find it infuriating that the camera zooms into the players feet the last 20 yards when he receives the ball on the wing. Too Mitch time is taken showing or relive the replays and when it gets back to the game the goal kick has been taken and you miss live play. WHY DOES THE CAMERA ALWAYS LOOK AWAY IF IT LOOKS LIKE A PLAYER MAY REACT BADLY TO A CHALLENGE OR DECISION BY THE REF.
In these wetlands, higher grazing intensity resulted in wetlands with low forage value (Sonnier et al., 2020), a pattern also observed in Patagonian steppe grasslands (Cingolani, Posse, & Collantes, 2005). We used rank clock plots to describe the changes in the dominance of the four most frequent species in wetlands in IMPs and SNPs (Figure 5). The relative incidence of P. hemitomon (the most frequent grass species in both wetland types) increased through time in fenced wetlands, especially in IMPs. P. hemitomon’s relative incidence was significantly higher in fenced wetlands (mean frequency 61.54%, CI95% 51.86, 70.38 vs. mean 43.66%, CI95% 34.29, 53.51).
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Following fencing, we observed that the rate of compositional change was higher in fenced wetlands, indicating that over time fenced wetlands diverged from grazed wetlands in terms of species composition. Although these can be attributed to changes in species identity, most of this pattern is the result of changes in abundance. Effusus, P. punctata, and small prostrate forbs, which characterized grazed wetlands in IMPs, decreased following cattle exclusion. Effusus following cattle exclusion was not reported in the short‐term study and showed that, despite J.
For the post-grazing compressed sward height (postCSH, cm), a mixed model with sward type, grazing system and their interaction as fixed effects and the pre-grazing CSH as covariate was calculated. For forage quality (CP, ADF, and ME), statistical models included sward type, grazing system and interactions as fixed factors, and the GC was included as a covariate. The random structure accounted for repeated measurements of paddocks nested within blocks. A correlation analysis was conducted to quantify the relationships between species richness, evenness, and legume percentage as predictors on primary productivity (t DM ha−1) and forage quality (CP, ADF, ME) separately for 2010 and 2011. For each predictor (species richness, evenness and legume percentage) a separate model was generated. The model included year, the predictor and the interaction of year × predictor as fixed effects, while blocks and temporally repeated measurements were included in the random term.
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It appears that the impact of fire on plant communities is context dependent and may depend on the characteristics of dominant species and species adaptations to fire. In the present study, an interaction between sward type and grazing system was found for the ADF concentration in the year 2010 (Table 4). In that year, herbage from sheep paddocks contained more ADF on div-swards but less on gd-swards. In comparison with cattle paddocks, sheep paddocks contained less ADF in the gd-swards and more ADF in div-swards.
Launching this August, Sky Sports+ will be transformational in the amount of choice sports fans will have access to via live streams, the mobile app and a dedicated new channel, all at no extra cost. With more coverage than ever before from the EFL, both tennis Tours and men’s Super League, Sky Sports customers can enjoy over 50% more live sport this year. Vegetation regrowth during the stocking period was not quantified in this study. Therefore, the actual annual primary productivity was larger than calculated. We gratefully thank our technician Barbara Hohlmann for her help concerning all aspects of the experiment as well as Knut Salzmann and Arne Oppermann from the experimental farm in Relliehausen for animal handling.
For instance, prescribed fires increased functional diversity in fenced wetlands but not in grazed wetlands. Our study suggests that cattle exclusion and prescribed fires are not enough to restore wetlands in intensively managed pastures and further highlights the importance of not converting seminatural pastures to intensively managed pastures. Our study also suggests that grazing levels applied in seminatural pastures maintained high plant diversity and prevented tree and shrub encroachment and that in the absence of grazing, prescribed fire became crucial to maintaining higher species evenness. Grasslands in temperate regions of the world are an important resource, and often the main supply, of feed for ruminant livestock (O’Mara, 2012). Therefore, attention needs to be focused on other grassland management options to enable the integration of production with biodiversity objectives in agricultural systems (Isselstein et al., 2005).